An Arundel Tomb Essays

An Arundel Tomb Essays An Arundel Tomb Essay An Arundel Tomb Essay A sonnet wherein the writer investigates the importance of the progression of time is An Arundel Tomb by Philip Larkin. Larkin utilizes strategies, for example, symbolism and word decision to accomplish this. Quickly, the title of the sonnet causes the peruser to think about the significance of the subject of time. An Arundel Tomb, when separated to each single word the meanings are; A depicting just one; Arundel a town close Chichester in England where this burial chamber is really present; and Tomb, the word burial place parts with the sonnet most on the grounds that it makes you start to consider how burial chambers are normally just for rich individuals and were generally for individuals who were of an eminence or significance and furthermore the possibility of death, individuals just go into the burial chamber after they have passed on. The individuals who the burial chamber was made for was a duke and lady which sort of demonstrates the point about individuals being rich to bear the cost of a burial chamber. So also, the structure of the sonnet features Larkins worry with the progression of time, the sonnet is written in seven refrains with an ABBCAC normal rhyme conspire. Every refrain is written in a perfect manner with each verse having six lines. The slick structure of the sonnet emulates the manner in which the likenesses are lying still, close to one another, Side by side, their appearances obscured The impression I get from the normal structure of the sonnet is that workmanship can withstand the disintegration of time, which interfaces with the progression of time which is the general subject of this specific sonnet. Larkin likewise utilizes analogies and similitudes to enlighten the progression of time, he utilizes the possibility of relationship. Larkin additionally utilizes word decision and expressions, for example, caught jointed and holding her hand to bring the point over that these individuals loved one another anyway , the possibility of the absence of lucidity is likewise stressed in this way connections are not in every case clear. Absence of lucidity shows up regularly in the sonnet, the primary line of the sonnet peruses to pariahs their faces obscured and afterward in the second line the word lie is composed, these two words together make you consider it in somewhat more detail, that there faces are obscured on the grounds that they arent coming clean.

Entertainment Writing Jobs You May Not Have Considered †Part 2 of 2

Amusement Writing Jobs You May Not Have Considered †Part 2â of 2 In this subsequent article, I put a greater amount of an accentuation on the element film world. On account of the multiplication of â€Å"prosumer† innovation like HD cameras and altering programming, more movies are being made now than any time in recent memory, offering expanded availability for journalists who are eager to endeavor a more non-conventional way to deal with their vocations. Compose Film Treatments Highlight film contents generally start with a treatment basically an all-encompassing rundown somewhere in the range of two and ten pages that traces the whole account beat Initially, you should peruse books like â€Å"Story† Secretly composing for Indie Filmmakers Numerous free makers, journalists, on-screen characters, and chiefs have thoughts for films they might want to make, however not the will or aptitude to compose the material all alone. On the off chance that you have experience composing screenplays and would prefer to take the green than see your name in lights, think about contribution your administrations as a professional writer. This includes you working connected at the hip with the individual who employs you to create the content the person in question needs or to revamp a content the person in question as of now has without assuming any acknowledgment. While you have less inventive control along these lines, you get the opportunity to handle your specialty as a paid author. Books like Screenplayâ Compose Marketing Materials Film and TV showcasing alone is a multi-billion-dollar business, and quite a bit of that cash goes toward making limited time composing for previous substance. On the off chance that you can catch the pith of an undertaking in a succinct manner with a touch of mind and flare, showcasing based materials may be your specialty. This incorporates everything from on-screen character

The Benefits of Meditation for Stress Management

The Benefits of Meditation for Stress Management Meditation Print An Overview of Meditation By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on May 03, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 14, 2019 RunPhoto/Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Meditation Happiness Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Does Meditation Involve? Stress Management More Benefits Meditation vs. Other Methods Pros and Cons Things to Keep in Mind Getting Started View All Back To Top Meditation has become one of the most popular ways to relieve stress among people of all walks of life. This age-old practice, which can take many forms and may or may not be combined with many spiritual practices, can be used in several important ways. It can be a quick-fix stress reliever to help you reverse your bodys stress response and physically relax.It can be a part of your daily routine and help you build resilience to stress.It can be a technique you use to get centered when youre thrown off by emotional stress. ? A form of meditation can even be used for weight loss and healthier eating. By learning to calm your body and mind, your physical and emotional stress can melt away. This leaves you feeling better, refreshed, and ready to face the challenges of your day with a healthy attitude. With regular practice over weeks or months, you can experience even greater benefits. What Does Meditation Involve? Meditation involves sitting in a relaxed position and clearing your mind, or focusing your mind on one thought and clearing it of all others. You may focus on a sound, like ooommm, or on your own breathing, counting, a mantra, or nothing at all. A common thread among the many meditation techniques is that the mind stops following every new thought that comes to the surface. 17 Highly Effective Stress Relievers It’s generally necessary to have at least five to 20 distraction-free minutes to spend, though meditation sessions can really be any length. Longer meditation sessions tend to bring greater benefits, but it is usually best to start slowly so you can maintain the practice long-term. Many people find that if they try to meditate for too long each session or create a perfect practice it can become intimidating or daunting, and they find it more challenging to keep as a daily habit. It is far better to create the habit and work it into a more thorough version of that habit. It’s helpful to have silence and privacy, but more experienced meditators can practice meditation anywhere. Many practitioners of meditation attach a spiritual component to it, but it can also be a secular exercise. Really, there is no wrong way to meditate. What Can Meditation Do for Stress Management? Throughout the day, when we experience stress, our bodies automatically react in ways that prepare us to fight or run. This is your bodys stress response, otherwise known as your fight-or-flight response. In some cases of extreme danger, this physical response is helpful. However, a prolonged state of such agitation can cause physical damage to every part of the body. Meditation affects the body in exactly the opposite ways that stress doesâ€"by triggering the bodys relaxation response. It restores the body to a calm state, helping the body repair itself and preventing new damage from the physical effects of stress. It can calm your mind and body by quieting the stress-induced thoughts that keep your bodys stress response triggered. There is an element of more direct physical relaxation involved in meditation as well, obviously, so this double dose of relaxation can really be helpful for shrugging off stress. A greater gain that meditation can bring is the long-term resilience that can come with regular practice. Research has shown that those who practice meditation regularly begin to experience changes in their response to stress that allow them to recover from stressful situations more easily and experience less stress from the challenges they face in their everyday lives. Some of this is thought to be the result of the increase in positive mood that can come from meditation; research shows that those who experience positive moods more often are more resilient toward stress. Other research has found changes in the brains of regular meditation practitioners that are linked with a decreased reactivity toward stress. The practice of learning to refocus your thoughts can also help you redirect yourself when you fall into negative thinking patterns, which in itself can help relieve stress. Meditation offers several solutions in one simple activity. How Your Good Mood Can Combat Stress More Benefits of Meditation The benefits of meditation are great because, among other things, it can reverse your stress response, thereby shielding you from the effects of chronic stress. When practicing meditation: Your heart rate and breathing slow down.Your blood pressure normalizes.You use oxygen more efficiently.Your immune function improves.You sweat less.Your adrenal glands produce less cortisol.Your mind ages at a slower rate.Your mind clears and your creativity increases. People who meditate regularly find it easier to give up life-damaging habits like smoking, drinking, and drugs. They also find it easier to stop rumination from ruining their day. It helps many people connect to a place of inner strength. Numerous studies have found that, in diverse populations, meditation can minimize stress and build resilience. Meditation research is still relatively new, but promising. Quick and Simple 5-Minute Meditation for Stress Relief How Does Meditation Compare to Other Stress Reduction Methods? Unlike some medications and herbal therapies, meditation has few potential side effects.People with physical limitations may find it easier to practice than strenuous physical exercise for stress relief. Plus, no special equipment is required.Unlike enlisting the help of a professional, meditation is free.It does take discipline and commitment to make meditation a regular habit. Some people find it more difficult to maintain as a habit than methods that enlist the help of someone or something outside themselves for added motivation. (If you are one of these people, finding a meditation group may be the perfect solution.)Some people may find it more difficult to free their minds from the thoughts of the day. This may make it more difficult than methods that involve focusing on these events, like journaling, or methods that are distracting, like physical exercise or the use of humor. The Pros And Cons of Meditation Meditation is wonderful in that it’s free, always available, and amazingly effective in short-term stress reduction and long-term health. The benefits can be felt in just one session. An experienced teacher can be helpful but isnt absolutely necessary. You can learn many effective meditation techniques from a book or from the meditation resources right here on Verywell. Ultimately, if you can focus on your breath, on the present moment, or on any one thing for a while, you can now meditate. It does often take some practice, however, and some people find it difficult to get it in the beginning. Meditation also requires a little patience and may be difficult for people with little free time (like some stay-at-home mothers who get very little privacy from small children). However, the time and effort it takes to learn and practice is well worth it in terms of the benefits it provides. 4 Things to Keep in Mind About Meditation Consistent practice matters more than long practice. This means that its better to meditate for five minutes, six times per week than for 30 minutes once a week. The former can calm your bodys stress response several times in a week, while the latter may calm your body into a deeper state of relaxation, but it will only reverse your stress response once. In addition, you are more likely to stick with a regular meditation practice if you can start with short, daily sessions than if you feel you need to find time for longer sessions in order to practice. It is more likely that this self-imposed pressure will lead to you not finding time for it, then losing the motivation to try.Regular practice matters more than perfect practice. This means that, rather than concerning yourself too much about what position to sit in, what technique to try when you sit, how long to sit, or what time of day, you should just sit and meditate. The rest will fall into place if you just begin, but if you fee l the need to work these details out before you can start, you may find it more challenging to get started at all. There really is no wrong way to meditate anyway; any meditation is better than none.If you notice your mind wandering, thats good. Meditation can be challenging for some people, particularly perfectionists. We sometimes fall into the trap of wanting to do it right and becoming frustrated with ourselves when our mind drifts off. The thing to remember is that if you notice this happening, thats a good thingâ€"you noticed. Noticing and redirecting your thoughts back to the focus of your meditation (your breath, the present moment, or whatever you are choosing as your focus) is the real point of meditation. Its virtually impossible to prevent your mind from wandering anyway.Even long-time meditation practitioners find it challenging. This may come as a surprise, but even those who have been meditating for years can find it hard to stay present. This is perfectly normal for anyone. Its all part of meditation, so dont let it discourage you. How to Label Your Thoughts for Inner Peace Get Started With Meditation There are many forms of meditation that bring these fantastic benefits. Some may feel more comfortable for you to practice than others, so its a great idea to try a sampling of them and repeat the techniques that seem to fit best for you. If you practice meditation while you are not in the midst of a stressful situation, you will find it easier to use it as a calming technique when you need it. Even if you plan to use it only as needed and not as a daily exercise, it is a good idea to practice meditation when you arent feeling particularly stressed first, rather than trying it for the first time when youre feeling overwhelmedâ€"unless, of course, you cant find a time when you dont feel this way. The most important thing to remember is to practice meditation for a few minutes per day and to try to sit for at least five minutes each session. If you dont know where to start, you may simply focus on listening to your breathing for five minutes. To do this, relax your body, sit comfortably, and notice your breath. If you find yourself thinking of other things, simply redirect your attention back to your breath. Another simple strategy is to count your breaths. When you inhale, count one in your head, and then count two as you exhale. Keep going as you breathe and start over at one if you notice youve become distracted by other thoughts. (Some people will find this easier to practice than the simple breathing meditation, and others will find it more challenging. Remember, your best meditation techniques are the ones that resonate with you.) May you find the relief you seek. Simple Meditations to Relieve Stress

Personal Thinking Styles Life Styles - 1745 Words

Life styles inventory does offer one with an opportunity to understand their thinking patterns and factors that influence one’s behaviour. When one has a better understanding of themselves, they have a chance to become better leaders. Leadership is interlinked with behaviour and responsibility since people often emulate what is being done by their leaders. The essay focuses on three aspects they include: personal thinking styles, impact on management styles, and finally the genesis of personal styles. Personal Thinking Styles From the life styles inventory assessment, my two outstanding personal styles are competitive and humanistic-encouraging. My primary style is the competitive style it has the highest percentile of 93%, while my back-up style is the humanistic-encouraging style it has a percentile of 90% from LSI. The competitive personality plays a major part in my life through the activities I undertake when compared to the human-encouraging style. As a Special Operations Officer and team chief, being competitive and striving to be the best all-around Soldier is something that was entwine in my DNA since basic training. My competitive personality can be traced as far back as my preteen years. My family and I migrated to the United States of America back in 1998. When I graduated from high school in 1999, I had the desire to prove myself to my family and peers. I, therefore, made the decision to join the military despite the fact that my English was poor andShow MoreRelatedLife Styles Inventory Paper1707 Words   |  7 PagesLife Styles Inventory Results Paper Part I: Personal Thinking Styles As revealed by my personal Life Styles Inventory (Figure 1), my primary thinking style and back-up thinking style were Conventional (4 o’clock position) and Affiliative (2 o’clock position) respectively. There are many ways in which both the Conventional thinking style and Affiliative thinking style manifest in my life and work, none of which were all that evident until I explored my personal Life Styles Inventory. As statedRead MoreLsi Paper761 Words   |  4 PagesMy result Life Styles Inventory (LSI) paper September 9, 2013 The life Styles Inventory (LSI) is developed by Dr. J. Clayton Lafferty. LSI are measures 12 specific styles of patterns of thinking that can either help or hinder a person from reaching his or her potential. The 12 styles measures by LSI are organized into three general clusters: Constructive, Passive/Defensive, Aggressive/Defensive. Research has shown that the styles measures by the LSI are related to a number of indicators of effectivenessRead MorePrimary Thinking Style : Humanistic And Affiliative Style Of Thinking1684 Words   |  7 Pagessurvey results my primary thinking style is â€Å"The constructive style† which includes Humanistic and Affiliative styles of thinking. According to the Survey this style of thinking enables me to make decisions that allows me to improve myself and to build healthy relationships with the people around me. Another definition that I have come across that also explains this style of thinking a little more in depth explains; â€Å"Constru ctive thinking is basically a way of thinking constructively about your worldRead MoreLsi Paper1065 Words   |  5 Pagesenables you to examine your own unique way of thinking and how it influences your behavior. Your Assignment: Complete (on your own) the LSI according to the procedure outlined here, so that you end up with your Life Styles Circumplex profile: 12 personal thinking style scores, one score for each section of the circumplex. Write a 3–5 page paper examining and explaining your LSI results. There are more details in the table below. LSI Style Interpretations: Go to the LSI1 Results page, findRead MorePersonal Thinking Styles : My Primary Thinking Style1406 Words   |  6 PagesPersonal Thinking Styles Primary Thinking Style Based on the results from the Life Styles Inventory exercise that I completed, my primary thinking style is a tie between Humanistic-Encouraging (Constructive) and Conventional (Passive/Defensive). The Humanistic-Encouraging style is sensitive to the needs of others, open to influence, supportive, and constructive. (Human Synergistics, 2003) The Conventional style follows the rules and sets goals. Humanistic-Encouraging people strive to help othersRead MoreEssay on Different Styles of Thinkng1393 Words   |  6 Pagessurvey results my primary thinking style is â€Å"The constructive style† which includes Humanistic and Affiliative styles of thinking. According to the Survey this style of thinking enables me to make decisions that allows me to improve myself and to build healthy relationships with the people around me. Another definition that I have come across that also explains this style of thinking a little more in depth explains; â€Å"Constructive thinking is basically a way of thinking constructively about yourRead MoreEssay on Gm591 - Life Styles Inventory (Lsi) Results1486 Words   |  6 Pages[pic] GM 591: Life Styles Inventory – Survey results for John Hastings Instructor: Rick Roechnes Date: 09-JAN-2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Personal Thinking Styles (Part I) 3 2.1 Primary thinking Back up thinking style 4 2.2 Limiting thinking style 4 3.0 Impact on Management Style (Part II) 5 3.1 Planning 5 3.2 Organizing 6 3.3 Leading 6 3.4 Controlling 6 4.0 Genesis of Personal Styles (Part III) 6 5.0 ConclusionRead MoreMy Personal Style Of Thinking1007 Words   |  5 PagesThinking Styles According to the LSI results, my personal style is Achievement, which is under the header of Constructive. These styles pertain to self-enhancing behaviors in ways of thinking, which determine a person’s level of satisfaction. These styles also reference the ability to work with people effectively, relationship building, and proficiency in the area of accomplishment of tasks. An Achievement Style of thinking pertains to the ability and the desire to achieve personal goals and takeRead MoreNotes On Life Styles Inventory979 Words   |  4 Pages Life Styles Inventory Jameka S. Carter Ms. Hallcom 9/14/14 â€Æ' Life Styles Inventory Introduction Individuals possess different skills that have an impact on their thinking and management style. The style varies from individual to individual depending on their opinions, perceptions, thoughts, and skills. The Life Style Inventory is a tool, which can be used to analyze and evaluate the management and leadership skills of an individual. The LSI has different styles and individuals can rateRead MoreLsi Paper1622 Words   |  7 PagesLSI PAPER Richard Timian Leadership and Organizational Behavior Friday, September 14, 2007 Introduction The Life Styles Inventory (LSI) is a self-assessment diagnostic instrument that measures 12 key thinking patterns, or styles. The LSI promotes performance change and improvement by increasing personal understanding of ones thinking and behavior. By responding to these 240 inventory items, individuals learn exactly where they need to focus their development efforts, without ambiguity

How to Use It Depends in Conversation

In conversation, it is not always possible to give a yes or no answer to a question about our opinion. Life is not always black or white! For example, imagine you are having a conversation about your study habits. Someone might ask you: Do you study hard? You might want to say: Yes, I study hard. However, that statement might not be 100% true. A more accurate answer might be: It depends on which subject Im studying. If Im studying English, then yes I study hard. If Im studying math, I dont always study hard. Of course, the answer, Yes, I study hard. might be truthful as well. Answering questions with it depends allows you to answer questions with more nuance. In other words, using it depends lets you say in which cases something is true and which cases false. There are a few different grammar forms involved when using it depends. Take a look at the following structures. Be sure to carefully note when to use It depends on ..., It depends if ..., It depends on how /what / which / where, etc., or simply It depends. Yes or No? It Depends The most simple answer is a sentence stating It depends. After this, you can follow up by stating yes and no conditions. In other words, the meaning of the phrase: It depends. If it is sunny - yes, but if it is rainy - no. It depends if the weather is good or not. Another common conversational reply to a yes / no question is It depends. Sometimes, yes. Sometimes, no. However, as you can imagine answering a question with this doesnt provide much information. Here is a short dialogue as an example: Mary: Do you enjoy playing golf?Jim: It depends. Sometimes yes, sometimes no. Answering the question with a more complete version provides more information: Mary: Do you enjoy playing golf?Jim: It depends. If I play well - yes, but if I play badly - no. It depends on noun / noun clause One of the most common ways to use it depends is with the preposition on. Be careful to not use another preposition! I sometimes hear It depends about... or It depends from ... these are both incorrect. Use It depends on with a noun or noun phrase, but not with a full clause. For example: Mary: Do you like Italian food?Jim: It depends on the restaurant. OR Mary: Do you like Italian food?Jim: It depends on the type of restaurant. It depends on how adjective subject verb A similar usage that takes a full clause is It depends on how plus an adjective followed by adjective and full clause. Remember that a full clause takes both the subject and verb. Here are a few examples: Mary: Are you lazy?Jim: It depends on how important the task is to me. Mary: Are you a good student?Jim: It depends on how difficult the class is. It depends on which / where / when / why / who subject verb Another similar use of It depends on is with questions words. Follow It depends on with a question word and a full clause. Here are a few examples: Mary: Are you usually on time?Jim: It depends on when I get up. Mary: Do you like buying gifts?Jim: It depends on who the gift is for. It depends if clause Finally, use it depends with an if clause to express conditions for whether something is true or not. Its common to end the if clause with or not.   Mary: Do you spend a lot of money?Jim: It depends if Im on vacation or not.

Dignity Of Difference Free Essays

Globalization has been described as the interconnectedness of the world through new systems of communication (Sacks, 27). Thus it’s simply the increased interaction of the world through trade, communication, education, which is brought about by limited restrictions. In the book â€Å"The Dignity of difference† Sacks portrays the world as a global entity by ascertaining that the issue of globalization be it economical, political or cultural has it advantages as well as shortcomings . We will write a custom essay sample on Dignity Of Difference or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"In globalization its benefits are not spread evenly, there are winners and losers† (Sacks 2002, 27). . The economic aspect of globalization according to sacks is old enough in that â€Å"integration of distant regions into a single international economy has been a continuous process extending back for many centuries† (27) Economic globalization The phenomenon of globalization has greatly impacted today’s society in a tremendous way. According to Sacks Economic globalization has been achieved through a number of factors that have led to increased interconnectedness of different parts of the world. Such factors include the presence of free market, which is characterized by increased movement of goods and services across the countries, through use of common currency, through international banking institutions such as the international monetary funds, the World Bank and common trade organisations such as the world trade organization. In the book Sacks cites that economic globalization has led to increased movement of goods which has led to increased availability of variety of goods which leave the consumer with freedom of choice, further it has led to increased job opportunities â€Å"Free market is the best means we have yet discovered for alleviating poverty and creating a human environment of independence, dignity and creativity†(Sacks,2002,16). Increased trade and employment opportunities, further lead to improved living standards. However despite the said advantages, the benefits don’t reflect evenly all over the world especially due to capitalism which emphasizes on wealth creation, favoring the rich but imposing a heavy burden on the poor. Sacks, cogently explain that the issue of globalization which has led to capitalism, it’s difficult to comprehend in that it has it has its disadvantages. For instance it has led to increased inequality. Due to this phenomenon the gap between the poor and rich has increased tremendously leading to increased poverty level. According to Sacks as a result of increased shift of production employment rates decline leading to unemployment especially in poor countries. Due to globalization ,the rich countries restrict trade in that they impose tariffs and subsidies on goods, which are imported from developing countries this affects the, poor countries GDP often leading to increased suffering of citizens Another negative effect of globalization according to Sacks is the problem of debt created by international financial institution who often led money to poor and developing countries. This debts are mostly accompanied by heavy disciplinary which according to Sacks, hurt the countries infrastructure and growth. In essence sacks quips that due to globalizations the moral consciousness brought about by the emerging inequalities is completely destroyed leading to a shift in people behavior as individuals move their attention from family members to the neighbors and the outside society. Also economic globalization has been viewed as to undermine the peoples sense of moral responsibility, in that due to global market ,individuals and countries find it hard to understand their responsibilities, for instance Sacks explains situation where due to increased transactions caused by global market an individuals responsibility is rendered irrelevant. Sacks, also blame the September 11 attack on globalization in that the attacks were planned through internet and as a result of capitalism. He states that, the very elements of capitalism made it possible for such attacks on innocent civilians to take place. Alternatives to conflicts For ages conflicts have continued to exist in the world often leading to tremendous and disastrous repercussions on mankind. These conflicts such as terrorism and poverty according to sacks have resulted despite increased globalization. In his book the Dignity of difference, Sacks tries to emphasize on the importance of virtues such as humility, restraint reverence, and ability to listen in trying to confront human problems, especially those associated to religious ideologies. In the book also Sacks quips that for the world civilization to completely destroy the evil associated with globalization especially the increased acts of organized crime, its important to incorporate in the society the ideals of religious traditions and wisdom. In that such attributes are the â€Å"sustained reflections of humanity’s place in nature and what constitutes the proper goals of society† (Sacks 2002, 12). in essence Sacks stresses the utmost importance of respecting the differences of others which should be celebrated in a way that promotes dignity. The book the Dignity of difference by Sacks highlights on importance of the world civilization to embrace tolerance and respect while dealing with those who are unique and different from us. In that it’s important to recognize the uniqueness of every individual and society. He quips that what happened in New York was as a result of crashing of civilization and could have been avoided if every religion had respected and acknowledged its differences while maintaining dignity. Thus for us to solve modern conflicts and problems we should embrace religion and respect each others differences. Conclusion It’s wise to conclude that though globalization is a blessing it has led to increased conflicts and suffering. And as such if humanity is to survive the onslaught of the dangers posed by globalization religion is paramount, whether Christianity, Islam or Judaism. How to cite Dignity Of Difference, Papers

Handling of Patients Death among Students-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHandling of Patients Death among Students and Healthcare. Answer: It is such a tragedy to lose a person whom one used to take care of so often. There is a strong bond created between the patient and the caregiver. It is usual that the patient gives much trust on the caregiver since they are closest persons at that instance. It is therefore important to reciprocate the same as a person in charge of attending to the patient. It is through such a relation a strong bondage is created. In any case, such a tragedy occurs it will strike on the caregiver strongly since they shared a relation like that of a family member. They mostly tend to get depressed which in return affects the quality of services provided. Additionally, the support from other team members is required to get things back to normal. It is important to have measures to help tackle such situations whenever they occur. According to Fuller Armistea (2), it is beneficial to join a support group which helps in managing this situation and helps in the handling of a patient's death. I believe these groups play a major role, whereby they got measures of coping with such situations. The members with prior experience get to share it. This helps the victim to get a rough idea on how to handle such an experience. In case a similar thing happens, there will be no emotional distress which may affect one's productivity. It helps get information from the colleague of what they went through during a prior case. It is through such persons they are encouraged, thus their attitude toward the situation changes without affecting their service delivery. It is necessary to allow the victims to express their inner feeling based on the frustration triggered by the patient's death. As a result, they are able to let all the bitterness and the blames out. Most people blame themselves for the occurrences of the deaths. In allowing for time to let the feelings out, it helps in bringing an understanding of one inner self. It helps in regaining back the strength and endurance required in the medical field. However, they are able to come to terms with the tragedy. This helps individuals understand that in the medical career such challenges are bound to happen (2). According to Nia, Lehto, Ebadi Peyrovi (4), analyzing the cause of death helps to easily cope with the situation. It is important for the parties involved get the main cause and why it had to happen. When finding out the reasons behind the occurrence of such deaths, it will help come to terms with the sudden deaths. This help understands that death is uncontrollable and there was not much that could be done. This reduces the anxiety associated with sudden patient death, preventing them from blaming themselves. However, such cases are prevented from recurring. A thorough investigation provides enough information on the cause of death thus providing possible measures to be used when handling a similar issue. It is necessary to be hopeful in one's heart. This quality helps in viewing deaths positively. It helps students and healthcare workers have the strength to overcome such situations quickly. This is an essential element in the medical career. It helps gain extra information on how to deal with patient deaths once they occur. Competency and courage are enhanced which is a major requirement in this career. The sharing of your experiences with other helps in speeding up the recovering process (3). Accommodating change is necessary since it helps move on when a patient dies. However difficult it might seem, much understanding and humility are required. It allows positive progress without affecting service delivery (5). An emotional acceptance is triggered hence normal work progress (1). There should be no suspicions raised while relaying information to the family of the deceased. They should be made to understand that such cases are meant to happen and no one should blame themselves for the same. However, courage is needed to deal with such cases without any doubt. Similarly, individuals find it convenient to change the working environment by moving to a different department. They are to handle diverse tasks from their prior one establishing a fresh start. This speeds up the healing process, rebuilds confidence and promotes efficiency. I believe it's important to have measure set to allow for students and healthcare workers take to help them ease on the quilt of a patient's death. It is necessary to have counseling session to help them understand it was never their fault death occurred. It will help them psychologically and physically. I believe death education should be much emphasized during the beginning of a medical course whereby, it creates awareness of the expected challenges in the medical field, death being the major one. I support the introduction of shifts from one department to another will help since it will allow for healing to an individual who witnessed a patient die. When one experiences a different environment they will tend to move on quickly over one who stays in the same department. In this regard, adjustments of duties help in improving a person way of thinking. This is caused by the exposure to different tasks and backgrounds other the previous ones (6). It is important to introduce training session. I also believe that the sessions will help in rebuilding their confidence and endurance when handling the dead patient. They will be reminded of their responsibilities despite the tragedy. However, my perspective is based on the idea that they should be prepared to face the family members of the deceased. It is possible to experience a negative response to receiving the new. There should be a protective mechanism in case they behave badly on receiving the death news of their beloved. It is therefore important to have preventive measures put into place. References Chan, C. L. W., Chow, A. Y. M. Death, dying and bereavement: A Hong Kong Chinese experience. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press; 2005. Fuller, J. R., Armistead, J. Surgical technology: Principles and practice. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. Hooft, S. V. Hope.NT.NP; 2012. https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1317548078 Nia, H. S., Lehto, R. H., Ebadi, A., Peyrovi, H. Death Anxiety among Nurses and Health Care Professionals: A Review Article. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery.2016; 4(1): 210. Peters, L., Cant, R., Payne, S., OConnor, M., McDermott, F., Hood, K., ... Shimoinaba, K. How death anxiety impacts nurses caring for patients at the end of life: a review of literature.The Open Nursing Journal. 2013;7: 14. Reynolds, F. How doctors cope with death.Archives of disease in childhood. 2006: 91(9): 727-727.

Theme Of False Reality In King Lear Essays - King Lear,

Theme of False reality in King Lear In Shakespearean terms, being blind means something entirely different than our common day view. Blindness can normally be defined as the inability of the eye to see, but according to Shakespeare, blindness is not a physical quality, but a mental flaw some people possess. In other words, it's the ability to see life not from an openly logical point of view, but instead through their emotions and false pretenses that are the base of their societyShakespeare's most dominant theme in his play King Lear is that of blindness. King Lear, Gloucester, and Albany are three prime examples Shakespeare incorporates this theme into. Each of these character's blindness was the primary cause of the bad decisions they made; decisions which all of them would eventually come to regret. The blindest bat of all was undoubtedly King Lear. Because of Lear's high position in society, he was supposed to be able to distinguish the good from the bad; unfortunately, his lack of sight prevented him to do so. Lear's first act of blindness came at the beginning of the play. First, he was easily deceived by his two eldest daughters' lies, then, he was unable to see the reality of Cordelia's true love for him, and as a result, banished her from his kingdom with the following words: ..................................for we Have no such daughter, nor shall ever see That face of her again. Therefore be gone Without our grace, our love, our benison. (Act I, Sc I, Ln 265-267) Lear's blindness also caused him to banish one of his loyal followers, Kent. Kent was able to see Cordelia's true love for her father, and tried to protect her from her blind father's irrationality. After Kent was banished, he created a disguise for himself and was eventually hired by Lear as a servant. Lear's inability to determine his servant's true identity proved once again how blind Lear actually was. As the play progressed, Lear's eyesight reached closer to 20/20 vision. He realized how wicked his two eldest daughters really were after they locked him out of the castle during a tremendous storm. More importantly, Lear saw through Cordelia's lack of flatterings and realized that her love for him was so great that she couldn't express it into words. Unfortunately, Lear's blindness ended up costing Cordelia her life and consequently the life of himself. Gloucester was another example of a character who suffered from an awful case of blindness. Gloucester's blindness denied him of the ability to see the goodness of Edgar and the evil of Edmund. Although Edgar was the good and loving son, Gloucester all but disowned him. He wanted to kill the son that would later save his life. Gloucester's blindness began when Edmund convinced him by the means of a forged letter that Edgar was plotting to kill him. Gloucester's lack of sight caused him to believe Edmund was the good son and prevented him from pondering the idea of Edmund being after his earldom. Near the end of the play, Gloucester finally regained his sight and realized that Edgar saved his life disguised as Poor Tom and loved him all along. He realized that Edmund planned to take over the earldom and that he was the evil son of the two. Gloucester's famous line: I stumbled when I saw (Act IV, Sc I, Ln 20-21) was ironic. His inability to see the realities of his sons occurred when he had his physical sight but was mentally blind; but his ability to see the true nature of his sons occurred after having his eyes plucked out by the Duke of Cornwall. Fortunately, the consequences of Gloucester's blindness throughout the play was minimal, after all, he was the only one to die as a result of his tragic flaw. Albany was another character suffering from the classic case of blindness, but luckily for him, he survived his battle. Albany's case of blindness was purely a result of the love he had for Goneril. Although he disapproved of Goneril's actions, he would only mildly argue his case. When Goneril forced Lear to reduce his army so that he could stay in their castle, Albany protested: I cannot be so partial, Goneril, To the great love I bear You - (Act I, Sc IV, Ln 309-310) Albany's deep devotion to Goneril blinded him from the evil she possessed. His inability to realize how greedy and mean Goneril was after she flattered Lear with a bunch of lies and then kicked him out of their home, just goes to show you how much Albany

Free Essays on Robert Louis Stevenson

Robert Louis Stevenson, the popular Scottish novelist, was born on November 13, 1850 in Howard place, Edinburgh. He was the son of a civil engineer, Thomas Stevenson and Margaret Isabel Balfour. Directly from his birth, he was set out to be an engineer, just like his father. From birth, the was taught by his nurse, Alison Cunningham. She had a strick view Calvinism and told relayed him her frequent stories of ghosts and fairies. He spent a large part of his childhood at his grandfather’s place at Colington or with his aunt, Jane Whyte Balfour. He had a happy childhood. He was sent to school at Edinburgh academy and when he was 17 he became a student at the Edinburgh University. He did not have an interest in his studies and spent most of his time exploring the low life of the old town of Edinburgh. His father pressured him to become an engineer, so he took many engineering courses. At 21 he expressed his wish to become a writer. His father accepted Stevenson’s wish, as he was well aware of his son’s ill health. To secure his future, his father enrolled him in the university to study bar. He graduated in 1875 but never practiced. He had started writing in his teens and he had several stories and poems already appearing in English magazines. In spite of his ill health, he traveled extensively. He frequently journaled his travels and later worte many of them into books. An Island Voyage and Travels With A Donkey, an account of his canoe tour of France and Belgium was published in 1878. In 1879, In the Cevennes was published. The same year he traveled to California. Here he married Ms. Fanny Osborne whom he had earlier met in France. His most celebrated work, Treasure Island, was written for his stepson, Lloyd Osborne. Lloyed was ten years old at the time. Stevenson had created a treasure map for him. This map inspired Stevenson to write a pirate adventure story. After completion, Stevenson had a sudden spurt of writing. ... Free Essays on Robert Louis Stevenson Free Essays on Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson, the popular Scottish novelist, was born on November 13, 1850 in Howard place, Edinburgh. He was the son of a civil engineer, Thomas Stevenson and Margaret Isabel Balfour. Directly from his birth, he was set out to be an engineer, just like his father. From birth, the was taught by his nurse, Alison Cunningham. She had a strick view Calvinism and told relayed him her frequent stories of ghosts and fairies. He spent a large part of his childhood at his grandfather’s place at Colington or with his aunt, Jane Whyte Balfour. He had a happy childhood. He was sent to school at Edinburgh academy and when he was 17 he became a student at the Edinburgh University. He did not have an interest in his studies and spent most of his time exploring the low life of the old town of Edinburgh. His father pressured him to become an engineer, so he took many engineering courses. At 21 he expressed his wish to become a writer. His father accepted Stevenson’s wish, as he was well aware of his son’s ill health. To secure his future, his father enrolled him in the university to study bar. He graduated in 1875 but never practiced. He had started writing in his teens and he had several stories and poems already appearing in English magazines. In spite of his ill health, he traveled extensively. He frequently journaled his travels and later worte many of them into books. An Island Voyage and Travels With A Donkey, an account of his canoe tour of France and Belgium was published in 1878. In 1879, In the Cevennes was published. The same year he traveled to California. Here he married Ms. Fanny Osborne whom he had earlier met in France. His most celebrated work, Treasure Island, was written for his stepson, Lloyd Osborne. Lloyed was ten years old at the time. Stevenson had created a treasure map for him. This map inspired Stevenson to write a pirate adventure story. After completion, Stevenson had a sudden spurt of writing. ... Free Essays on Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson, the popular Scottish novelist, was born on November 13, 1850 in Howard place, Edinburgh. He was the son of a civil engineer, Thomas Stevenson and Margaret Isabel Balfour. Directly from his birth, he was set out to be an engineer, just like his father. From birth, the was taught by his nurse, Alison Cunningham. She had a strick view Calvinism and told relayed him her frequent stories of ghosts and fairies. He spent a large part of his childhood at his grandfather’s place at Colington or with his aunt, Jane Whyte Balfour. He had a happy childhood. He was sent to school at Edinburgh academy and when he was 17 he became a student at the Edinburgh University. He did not have an interest in his studies and spent most of his time exploring the low life of the old town of Edinburgh. His father pressured him to become an engineer, so he took many engineering courses. At 21 he expressed his wish to become a writer. His father accepted Stevenson’s wish, as he was well aware of his son’s ill health. To secure his future, his father enrolled him in the university to study bar. He graduated in 1875 but never practiced. He had started writing in his teens and he had several stories and poems already appearing in English magazines. In spite of his ill health, he traveled extensively. He frequently journaled his travels and later worte many of them into books. An Island Voyage and Travels With A Donkey, an account of his canoe tour of France and Belgium was published in 1878. In 1879, In the Cevennes was published. The same year he traveled to California. Here he married Ms. Fanny Osborne whom he had earlier met in France. His most celebrated work, Treasure Island, was written for his stepson, Lloyd Osborne. Lloyed was ten years old at the time. Stevenson had created a treasure map for him. This map inspired Stevenson to write a pirate adventure story. After completion, Stevenson had a sudden spurt of writing. ...

Business Law and profssional mail writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law and profssional mail writing - Essay Example However, closer look at the case and its potential to create harm to more people makes the case important and noteworthy. The fact of the case is that Stella Liebeck, got severely burnt on her thighs and posterior due to a jerk when her grandson started the car, causing hot, scalding coffee to spill over and around the middle of her thighs where she had placed the coffee cup. The coffee was steaming at 180 to 190 degrees Fahrenheit. The extent of scald was serious enough to hospitalize Stella for eight days and undergo skin grafting. The incident took place at a McDonald's outlet at Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1992 and generated lot of interest and debate in legal circles. Stella was in her late sixties then. Initially, Liebeck demanded 20,000 dollars as claim settlement. But McDonald refused, and ultimately the court ordered $160,000 be paid to Liebeck by McDonald in compensatory damages, and another $480,000 as punitive award. The amounts of compensation and punitive award appear abnormally high as compared to the actual damage suffered by the victim at the most needing hospitalization, few days of trauma, and loss of time and personal activities. However, the holistic view taken by law transcends such basic issues and goes on to include other larger aspects such as public interest, corporate responsibilities and obligations, deterrent and preventive measures, breach of trust, the company's attitude and approach, and scope, scale and likelihood of recurrence, among a host of other reasons. The sovereignty of law does not end with the aspects mentioned. Its outcome and verdict becomes a citation and reference point for similar cases that occurs, or may occur, elsewhere in the country. II. The Case of Palsgraf versus Long Island Railroad In this case a woman, Mrs. Palsgraf standing at a distance from where an incident of two men attempting to jump inside a moving train car leads to the fall of a package containing fireworks. The fireworks explode causing shock reaction at the other end of the railway platform and scales to fall injuring the victim. The victim files for compensation. The majority decision upheld by Judge Cardozo reversed the judgment of the Trial Term and dismissed the complaint on the grounds that the injury caused to the complainant due to negligence could not be proved as something done intentionally or by an act of negligence. The act of the two guards standing close by in trying to save the men from falling triggered the fall of the exploding package. The dissenting voice of Judge J. Andrew dwells on the aspect of cause and effect. The fact of the matter was that the reactions of the two guards caused the package of fireworks to dislodge and fall on the tracks causing an explosion. The effect resulted in injury to the victim in the railway premises to which the defendants were the contributory cause. The effect may be referred as negligence but the compensation had to be paid. The dissenting judge points out that jurisprudence holds the cause responsible for the resulting effect even it occurs at a distance. By this

Existentialism and Humanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Existentialism and Humanism - Essay Example This is what will be discussed in the following. Existentialism is basically a type of philosophical movement which tends to embrace the view that focuses on that of individual existence and subjectivity, and although it generally refers to the belief that one shapes in regards to one's basic nature and the way that they choose to live throughout their life, at the same time it captures much more than that. In part being a reaction to such names as Hegel and Nietzsche, it is a belief which considers that you are the one who is able to determine yourself, and that your personality and your own self is not given to you at birth, but rather it is given after you make decisions and thoughts and gain your personality. Humanism, on the other hand, is considered as being "a rational philosophy based on belief in the dignity of human beings, informed by science and motivated by human hope and human compassion. Humanists revere the natural world, knowing of no other place to set good examples, to work, and to show love". (Dorrell, 2002). P eople who are humanists are considered as being those who encourage moral excellence, have faith in other people to choose good over evil, promote positive relationships and human dignity, and who believe that moral values are neither divinely revealed nor that the special property in regards to any type of religious tradition. Basically existentialism and humanism have for the most forever been considered as being two separate and in fact almost opposite issues in a way, however there is one person in particular, of which we will be discussing critically in this dissertation, who believes in fact that 'existentialism is humanism'. This person is Jean-Paul Sartre, and Sartre, (June 21, 1905 - April 15, 1980), was a French existentialist philosopher, dramatist and screenwriter, novelist and critic. He was one of the most noted and leading figures in all of 20th century French philosophy, and the opinions that he made over his life, especially that in regards to existentialism and humanism being one in the same, have been argued against or agreed with by some of the most influential people in the world's history since his day. When Sartre was a junior lecturer at the Lycee du Havre in the year 1938, it was then that he wrote the novel entitled La Nausee, which even to this day remains as being one of his most popular books of all, and it has been considered by many that this particular literary work of his was one which in ways served as a sort of manifesto of existentialism. He shows in this book how he believed that "our ideas are the product of experiences of real-life situations, and that novels and plays describing such fundamental experiences have as much value as do discursive essays for the elaboration oh philosophical theories". (Wikipedia, 2007). Beginning from there, Sartre began to become even stronger in regards to his view on how existentialism is humanism, and he began to use Edmund Husserl as a sort of backing man, in

Glycosilation of Recombinant Protein in Hamster Ovary Cells

Glycosilation of Recombinant Protein in Hamster Ovary Cells GLYCOSILATION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEIN IN CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS MANISHA YADAV INTRODUCTION: GLYCOSYLATION OF PROTEINS The phenomenon of addition subsequent processing of carbohydrates in most of the plasma- membrane and secretory proteins is called glycosylation. This is the principle chemical modification or post- translational modification to most of such proteins. Glycosylation reactions occur in the lumen of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and can also occur in the Golgi cisternae [1]. There are two different forms of oligosaccharide chains: O-linked oligosaccharides and N-linked oligosaccharides. The O-linked oligosaccharides are short structures and contain 1-4 sugar residues whereas; the N-linked oligosaccharides always contain mannose along with N-acetyl glucosamine. The structures of N-linked oligosaccharides have various branches terminating with sialic acid residues which are negatively charged groups [1]. Approximately 50% of the proteins manufactured in the eukaryotic cells are glycosylated. Many glycoproteins are produced from different glycoforms with different glycan structure which are attached to a single peptide backbone [2]. These glycan structures affect the biological properties of various glycoproteins which include pharmacokinetics, secretion, solubility, bioactivity, in vivo clearance, antigenicity and receptor recognition [2]. CHINESE HAMSTER OVARY CELLS (CHO CELLS) For the production of biopharmaceuticals, animal cell cultures are used due to their abilities of post-translational modification of proteins involving glycosylation [2]. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were first used in the year 1919 as a laboratory specimen for typing pneumococci [3]. CHO cells are the most commonly used cell lines for studying gene expression (particularly to express recombinant proteins), toxicity screening, genetics and nutrition. They are frequently used mammalian hosts for production of recombinant protein therapeutics at an industrial level [3]. Due to their adaptability to several culture conditions, relatively fast generation time, easy to maintain and also due to their plasticity in the surroundings of genetic alterations, CHO cells are technologically more prominent and highly useful [2]. DIFFERENT EXPERIMENTS AND STUDIES ON GLYCOSYLATION OF RECOMBINANT PROTEIN IN CHO CELLS Alterations in the glycosylation of recombinant proteins depend on a range of parameters which include: metabolic flux, cellular metabolism and the efficiency of the glycosylation process [4]. CHO cell lines are used in identifying the biological roles of mammalian glycans and the pathways to synthesise them [5]. An analysis of N- glycans and major O- glycans in CHO mutants was performed using glycomic analysis by MALDI-TOF (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization- Time of Flight) and time of flight- Mass Spectroscopy (TOF-MS). To enhance the applications of CHO mutants and to obtain its insights, alterations in the glycosyltransferase activity was done. It was found that lectin resistant CHO cells make very large and various complex N-glycans. Also it was observed that terminal addition of sialic acid enhances polylactosamine extension whereas fucose addition reduces polyLacNAc extension [5]. To determine the structural characteristics of recombinant envelope glycoprotein (rgp120) present in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV- 1), the virus was produced by expression in CHO cells. To confirm the primary structure of rgp120 protein, enzymatic cleavage was done to assign intrachain disulphide bonds and the potential sites for N-glycosylation were determined. To carry out such technique reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography method was employed [6]. For tryptic peptide mapping studies, N-glycosylation of 24 potential sites were characterized by determining the susceptible carbohydrate structures attached to the peptides which include: endo-ÃŽ ²-N-acetyl glucosaminidase H and N- glycosidase F [6]. It was found that in all the 24 sites of gp120 protein, 13 consisted of complex-type oligosaccharide structures and the remaining 11 consisted of mannose-type oligosaccharide structures. It also contained certain hybrid-type oligosaccharide structures [6]. Analys is of the carboxyl terminal using carboxypeptidase digestions demonstrated that the glutamic acid residue 479 is the carboxylterminus molecule secreted by CHO cells [6]. The gp120 protein has a polypeptide core of approximately 60,000 Daltons, an extensive modification in this polypeptide by N-linked glycosylation results in an increase in its molecular weight to 120,000 Daltons [6]. Glycosylation is a cellular process in which achieving a precise glycan distribution is challenging, because it is a non-template driven process. Hence, it results in significantly uncontrolled variability in the glycan distributions [7]. Different cell types differ in their ability to carry out specific post-translational modifications; for example: glycosylation, which affects the different processes such as receptor binding, bioactivity, susceptibility to proteolysis, clearance rate of therapeutic recombinant protein in vivo and immunogenicity [8]. As a result of this difference, various forms of glycans are formed and their attachment to proteins increases variability and non-uniformity [7]. Hence, an experiment was conducted to study the heterogeneity of a recombinant protein in different animal systems including Chinese hamster ovary cells [8]. CHO cells have proven produce proteins with glycoforms which are both bioactive and compatible in humans [3]. CHO cells produce recombi nant IFN-ÃŽ ³ which has 3 sources of variation: site-specific N-glycan microheterogeneity, variable N-glycosylation site occupancy and C-terminal polypeptide truncations [8]. It has examined that for efficient secretion and dimerization of IFN-ÃŽ ³, glycosylation of Asn25 is necessary [8]. For optimal enzymatic activity, glycosylation is required. Neutrophils release granules such as Myeloperoxidase (MPO) into the phagosome during the process of phagocytosis of exogenous structures. Respiratory burst is initiated which reduces oxygen and releases superoxide radical anions. These superoxides upon dismutation produce Hà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Oà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ which mediates MPO-driven oxidation of chloride to antimicrobial HOCl [9]. To increase the production of MPO protein, recombinant human MPO (r-MPO) are produced by expression in CHO cell lines. However, the r-MPO in CHO cell lines consists of some missing proteolytic steps as compared to the dimeric leukocyte enzyme (h-MPO). As a result, the r-MPO protein differs in the glycan structure and is a monomeric protein [9]. Tryptic digestion of reduced carboxamido- methylated proteins was carried out to determine the glycan structures. A method like con A-immobilized affinity chromatography was used to enrich the glycopeptide s. These glycopeptides were fractionated and analyzed by HPLC. The N-deglycosylated forms along with their glycopeptides were then identified by MALDI-MS. The result indicated that both r-MPO and h-MPO consists of high-mannose structures. The r-MPO has high amount of complex-type glycans like di- trisialylated triantennary structures [9]. A glycoprotein hormone called human erythropoietin (EPO) regulates the level of circulating erythrocytes in humans. They play an important role in maturation of erythrocytes. In normal human, EPO is produced in the kidney. Various recombinant human erythropoietins are being produced in non-mammalian mammalian cells. There are two forms of EPO (erythropoietin), EPO-bi and EPO- tetra. Each one of them have different biological activities. These were isolated from culture medium of CHO cell line (B8-300) encoding human EPO [10]. The culture was purified by reverse-phase chromatography, anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The highly purified recombinant human erythropoietin from mast cells was used as a control and it is the standard EPO [10]. The results obtained showed that EPO-bi has only 1/7 in vivo activity and the invitro activity was 3 times higher than in vivo activity. Whereas EPO-tetra have similar in vivo and in vitro activities as the standard EPO. EPO-tetra, t he standard EPO and EPO-bi had same immunoreactivity and amino acid composition. The structural analysis of N-linked sugar chains showed that EPO-tetra and the standard EPO contain tetraantennary complex-type as their major sugar chain, whereas EPO-bi contains biantennary complex-type as their major sugar chain [10]. Heparin is most widely used in modern medicine to control blood coagulation and is in great demands. Therefore, CHO cells are used for producing heparin. CHO cells are capable of producing HS (Heparan Sulfate) naturally, which is a related polysaccharide as heparin [11]. Human N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST2) and mouse heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotranferase 1 were sequentially transfected into CHO host cells. Screening of these transfectant cells was carried out using quantitative RT-PCR and western blotting technique. The heparan sulphate produced by CHO cells is a less sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG). This is due to the glycosylation process resulting in heterogeneity in glycan structures. This HS has similar disaccharide units as heparin, but HS has lower anticoagulant activity than heparin [11]. TREATMENT OF DISEASES: Glycosylation process has been proved efficient in treating various diseases. Few examples are as follows: Fabry disease: it is an X-linked genetic disease. It arises due to a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme called ÃŽ ±-galactosidase A (GLA). This enzyme hydrolyzes the terminal ÃŽ ±-galactosyl moieties from glycoproteins and glycolipids. An enzyme replacement therapy is carried out to treat the disease. CHO cell lines are used to produce recombinant GLA with very high productivity. When the recombinant GLA was compared to an approved GLA (agalsidase beta), the charge and size of the recombinant GLA was found to be more neutral and smaller respectively. This difference was due the absence of terminal sialic acid. To increase the sialic acid content, combined reaction of sialyltransferase, galactosyltransferase and their sugar substrates was developed. This product generated had same isoelectric points, size and sialic acid content as in approved GLA (agalsidase beta) [12]. Gaucher disease: it is an inherited metabolic disorder and is caused due to impaired activity of glucocerebrosidase (GCR) enzyme. This is a lysosomal enzyme which is responsible for hydrolysis of glucocerebroside to ceramide and glucose. The treatment of this disease consists of enzyme replacement therapy in which exogenous GCR is administered in the patients. This protein was expressed in CHO-DXB11 (dhfr ) cells. The glycosylated GCR produced due to transfection and gene amplification with methotrexate is then detected by immunoblotting assay. CHO cells are the highest producer of glucocerebrosidase enzyme [13]. CULTURE PARAMETERS THAT CAN AFFECT GLYCOSYLATION: Culture conditions such as pH, nutrient content, temperature, ammonia and oxygen have an important effect on distribution of glycan structures in recombinant protein [2,4,10]. pH: any adverse change in the external pH conditions can change the internal pH of Golgi apparatus, resulting in reduction in the activity of glycosylating enzymes [2]. Oxygen: to maintain optimum growth and metabolism of producer cells in bioprocesses, the dissolved oxygen level should be under control. At high oxygen level there is an increase in sialyltransferase activity. By controlling dissolve oxygen (DO) set points, the galactosylation of IgG immunoglobulin was changed efficiently and a decrease in digalactosylated glycans was observed [2,4]. Effect of producer cell line on protein glycosylation: in the Golgi of the cell, the protein glycosylation pattern depends on the expression of several glycosyltransferase enzymes. Differences in the activities of these enzymes result in significant changes in the protein structure [2]. Fucosylation: the Fucosylation pathway synthesizes the fucose donor called GDP-fucose. ÃŽ ±-1,6-fucosyltransferase enzyme is a glycosyltransferase enzyme which catalyzes the transfer of fucose to Asn-linked GlcNAc residue from GDP-fucose [2,6]. This enzyme is found in the N-glycans of several glycoproteins. Few studies suggest that fucose residues play a vital role in defining the oligossacharide conformations which are required for specific protein- carbohydrate interactions [2]. CONCLUSION: The properties of a mature protein depend on the carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins. These properties include protein stability, solubility, molecular recognition or immunogenicity [9,4]. CHO cells are being widely used in biopharmaceutical industry. By optimizing glycosylation, the therapeutic efficacy can be improved. The bioprocesses to produce monoclonal antibodies and fusion proteins have shown complex relationship between these variables and its protein quality [14]. Glycosylation can be controlled by understanding the cellular and metabolic alterations which results in the modification of protein structures [4]. It has been observed that by decreasing the concentration of glutamine to 0mM, there is reduction in fucosylation, sialylation and antennarity, but an increase in neutral N-linked glycans has been observed [4, 7]. Stable CHO cells wih functional recombinant proteins which are properly glycosylated and secreted can be easily generated. The screening strategies can be used to produce biopharmaceuticals and other biological products which are highly cost-effective and is used for public health value [12, 13]. REFERENCES: Lodish, H., Berk, A. and Zipursky, S. L. 2000. Molecular cell biology, New York: Freeman, 4th edition. Butler, M. 2006. Optimisation of the cellular metabolism of glycosylation for recombinant proteins produced by mammalian cell systems. Cytotechnology, 50 (1-3), pp. 57-76. Jayapal, K. P., Wlaschin, K. F., Hu, W., Yap, M. and GS, A. 2007. Recombinant protein therapeutics from CHO cells-20 years and counting. Chemical engineering Progress, 103(10), p. 40. Burleigh, S., Van De Laar, T., Stroop, C., Van Grunsven, W., Odonoghue, N., Rudd, P. and Davey, G. 2011. Synergizing metabolic flux analysis and nucleotide sugar metabolism to understand the control of glycosylation of recombinant protein in CHO cells. BMC biotechnology, 11 (1), p. 95. North, S. J., Huang, H., Sundaram, S., Jang-Lee, J., Etienne, A. T., Trollope, A., Chalabi, S., Dell, A., Stanley, P. and Haslam, S. M. 2010. Glycomics profiling of Chinese hamster ovary cell glycosylation mutants reveals N-glycans of a novel size and complexity. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285(8), pp. 5759-5775. Leonard, C. K., Spellman, M. W., Riddle, L., Harris, R. J., Thomas, J. N. and Gregory, T. 1990. Assignment of intrachain disulfide bonds and characterization of potential glycosylation sites of the type 1 recombinant human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein (gp120) expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells.Journal of Biological Chemistry, 265 (18), pp. 1037310382. Amand, M. M., Tran, K., Radhakrishnan, D., Robinson, A. S., Ogunnaike, B. A. 2014. Controllability Analysis of Protein Glycosylation in Cho Cells. Plos One, 9(2), p. 87973. James, D. C., Goldman, M. H., Hoare, M., Jenkins, N., Oliver, R. W. A., Green, B. N., Freedman, R. B. 1995. Posttranslational processing of recombinant human interferon-ÃŽ ³ in animal expression systems. Protein Science, pp. 331-340. Van Antwerpen, P., Slomianny, M., Boudjeltia, K. Z., Delporte, C., Faid, V., Calay, D., Rousseau, A., Moguilevsky, N., Raes, M., Vanhamme, L. and Others. 2010. Glycosylation Pattern of Mature Dimeric Leukocyte and Recombinant Monomeric Myeloperoxidase GLYCOSYLATION IS REQUIRED FOR OPTIMAL ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY.Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285 (21), pp. 1635116359. Takeuchi, M., Inoue, N., Strickl, Kubota, M., Wada, M., Shimizu, R., Hoshi, S., Kozutsumi, H., Takasaki, S. and Kobata, A. 1989. Relationship between sugar chain structure and biological activity of recombinant human erythropoietin produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 86 (20), pp. 78197822. Baik, J. Y., Gasimli, L., Yang, B., Datta, P., Zhang, F., Glass, C. A., Esko, J. D., Linhardt, R. J. and Sharfstein, S. T. 2012. Metabolic engineering of Chinese hamster ovary cells: towards a bioengineered heparin. Metabolic engineering, 14 (2), pp. 8190. Sohn, Y., Lee, J. M., Park, H., Jung, S., Park, T. H., Oh, D. and Others. 2013. Enhanced sialylation and in vivo efficacy of recombinant human ÃŽ ±-galactosidase through in vitroglycosylation.BMB reports, 46 (3), pp. 157162. Novo, J. B., Morganti, L., Moro, A. M., Paes Leme, A. F., Serrano, S. M. D. T., Raw, I. and Ho, P. L. 2012. Generation of a Chinese hamster ovary cell lineproducing recombinant human glucocerebrosidase.BioMed Research International, 2012. Hossler, P., Khattak, S. F. and Li, Z. J. 2009. Optimal and consistent protein glycosylation in mammalian cell culture.Glycobiology, 19 (9), pp. 936949.

Discuss psychological insights into understudied relationships

Until recently relationships between gays and lesbian, and also Internet relationships had had little attention from researchers, hence the term ‘understudied relationships'. Gay and Lesbian relationships – no one really knows what makes a person homosexual, though Garnets and Kimmel (1991) say there are likely to be multiple components. Unlike ethnic minorities, homosexuals are often surrounded by negative stereotypes from friends and family whilst they are growing up. As well as being asked, when they ‘come out', what makes them that way inclined, which is something that isn't typically asked of a heterosexual person. In 1973 homosexuality was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual or DSM (which cited homosexuality as a mental disease), though it is still illegal in many countries in the world at present and is still part of the International Classification of Diseases. Although often only in certain, prescribed situation, there are some cultures where homosexuality is encouraged and in Greco-Roman society it was quite normal practice to have a homosexual relationship. However, even in the 21st century and the ‘progressive' West things are not easy for gay men and lesbians. Many people in the public eye (such as entertainers and politicians) have had their careers pretty much ruined after being ‘outed'. Gay people experience pressures that can affect their relationships, which include such things as the psychological effects of growing up in a (heterosexual) society that characterises homosexuality and lesbianism as unacceptable. Also the unequal age of consent for gay men and the way few happy and successful gay relationships are presented by the media. Gay characters tend to be secondary to the plot (unless it is a ‘gay drama') and gay relationships are often presented as superficial, unstable or problematic can cause relationship problems. To establish a reliable figure of the number of gay or lesbian people is almost impossible (estimates from North America range from 4%-17%).Evidence suggests that for many people sexuality classification is not permanent and is always shifting, where one orientation may be embraced after a lengthy adult experience of another (Sequential bisexuality – Money, 1988). There is often an assumption that homosexual culture is unitary. This, however, is incorrect, as homosexuals can be any class, culture, race, etc. For obvious reasons many homosexuals prefer to spend social time in the company of other gay people, but this isn't such an easy option for those who have children. The world of schools and child-orientated situations needs to be arranged. As well as this they must protect their principles and living arrangements, protecting privacy, but also being sensitive to the children's needs. Electronic friendships and computer-mediated communication (CMC) – CMC can be email, chat rooms, notice boards etc as well as more sophisticated computer programs (MUD's, MOO's and MUSHs) where they can assign themselves a character where they can join in or listen to discussions. They can contrast to face-to-face relationships (corporeal, meaning bodily, physical or material), obviously there is nothing corporeal about a CMC relationship. Though they may have the opportunity for a corporeal relationship, many people prefer CMC, perhaps feeling that they can say what they want without having to worry about embarrassment. CMC can offer support, as well as friendship, and simply because people have not met face-to-face does not mean their relationship is not real. In a 1994 survey out of the top ten AOL chat rooms 3 were gay, 1 lesbian and 1 ‘swingers and groups' with the other 5 being heterosexual. Though it has only really developed over the last 10-15 years, it seems that it is here to stay.

Government Legislation Essay

There are certain laws that companies must follow in order to stay in business. Legislation means simply law. There are 3 main laws that businesses need to follow, these are: 1. Health and Safety (1974) This is probably the most important bit of legislation that was passed relevant to a business. If a business does not coincide with the law about health, then potentially the customers could fall ill, or possibly die, leaving the company in ruins. Everything has to be put into it to maintain a high standard of hygiene etc†¦ Health also has to be maintained with the workers. 2. Discrimination Tahir Hussain’s example of discrimination is a very good one. He was unemployed and was well qualified. He’d applied for numerous jobs, but was not getting any offers for an interview. He was quite upset by this and so decided to test the system. He sent in two application forms to every business he originally sent applications in for, one with his own name, and the other one saying that it was from a white middle aged lady. What he found out was that the white lady received far more offers of an interview than he did. He launched 12 claims of race discrimination and won 4 of them, and partly won 5 more. 3. Employment Employees working under a contract of employment are protected against unfair dismissal.

Definition and Examples of American English (AmE)